Although almost all Americans look back at the American Revolution with pride, many of us dedicated to the great truths embodied in the Declaration of Independence, the French Revolution is looked upon much more ambiguously in France.
Bastille Day recalls an event July 14, 1789 in which the mob of Paris, joined by mutinous French troops, stormed the Bastille, a fortress-prison in Paris which had in the past held political prisoners. The Bastille fell to the mob after a fight in which some ninety-eight attackers and one defender were killed. After the fighting, in an ominous sign of what was to come in the French Revolution, the mob massacred the governor of the prison and seven of the defenders. The Bastille held a grand total of seven inmates at the time of its fall, none of political significance.
So began the Revolution which promised Liberty, Equality and Fraternity in theory and delivered in practice, Tyranny, Wars and Death, with France embarked on a witches’ dance of folly which would end at Waterloo, after almost a quarter of a century of war which would leave Europe drenched in blood. Edmund Burke at the beginning of this madness, in 1790, saw clearly where all this would lead:
Many Frenchmen also saw this, and fought against the Revolution and all its works. The Revolution is a history of civil wars, and barbarous massacres. The Church of course was enemy number one of many of the Revolutionaries, with faithful Catholics undergoing a murderous persecution without parallel up to that point in the history of the Church.
Why would anyone want to celebrate any of this? One of the wonderful things about History is how it can often transmute events. For more than a hundred years after the Revolution in France, France remained bitterly divided between those who celebrated the Revolution and those who mourned it. This began to change during World War I, when Frenchmen of all shades of political opinion rallied together to defend France and some of the symbols of the Revolution, the Tri-color flag and La Marseillaise, began to take on a patriotic meaning for almost all the French, shorn of their associations with the Revolution. This culminated in 1944 in Paris when General Charles de Gaulle, a believing Catholic, gave a speech in liberated Paris on August 24, 1944:
Why do you wish us to hide the emotion which seizes us all, men and women, who are here, at home, in Paris that stood up to liberate itself and that succeeded in doing this with its own hands?
No! We will not hide this deep and sacred emotion. These are minutes which go beyond each of our poor lives. Paris! Paris outraged! Paris broken! Paris martyred! But Paris liberated! Liberated by itself, liberated by its people with the help of the French armies, with the support and the help of all France, of the France that fights, of the only France, of the real France, of the eternal France!
Well! Since the enemy which held Paris has capitulated into our hands, France returns to Paris, to her home. She returns bloody, but quite resolute. She returns there enlightened by the immense lesson, but more certain than ever of her duties and of her rights.
I speak of her duties first, and I will sum them all up by saying that for now, it is a matter of the duties of war. The enemy is staggering, but he is not beaten yet. He remains on our soil.
It will not even be enough that we have, with the help of our dear and admirable Allies, chased him from our home for us to consider ourselves satisfied after what has happened. We want to enter his territory as is fitting, as victors.
This is why the French vanguard has entered Paris with guns blazing. This is why the great French army from Italy has landed in the south and is advancing rapidly up the Rhône valley. This is why our brave and dear Forces of the interior will arm themselves with modern weapons. It is for this revenge, this vengeance and justice, that we will keep fighting until the final day, until the day of total and complete victory.
This duty of war, all the men who are here and all those who hear us in France know that it demands national unity. We, who have lived the greatest hours of our History, we have nothing else to wish than to show ourselves, up to the end, worthy of France. Long live France!
He led the crowd in a mass singing of La Marseillaise. This was a significant event in French history. De Gaulle’s parents, both devout Catholics, had not observed Bastille Day and had not sung La Marseillaise, but their son realized that the events of the 20th century had transformed the meaning of those symbols for the people that he led. It is important that we learn from History, but we can also never forget that we live within it, as contemporary events transform how we view the past and look to the future.
Don,
You probably already know about this but there is a series on a YouTube channel called The Rest is History that goes through the French revolution in about 10 parts. It’s done in the podcast format by two Brits. I’m about halfway through it and it’s interesting because they almost do a day by day examination of how the French Revolution started with lofty ideals and degenerated into barbarism. One thing that jumped out at me was how a lot of the First Estate thought the revolution was the equivalent of the Protestant Revolution part 2.
The French have spent a good deal of time explaining, justifying, and even altering the events associated with their revolution. Although the makeover has not been complete, every so often a person arises that reflects what they believe to be their “original intent”.
July 14 Bastille Day. Ugh. Cannot understand why any American would want to celebrate it.
France in 1789 would have benefited from a score of measures which would have gored the ox of some vested interest. The utile social regeneration could not have been had for free. The trouble was that the situation rapidly deteriorated into an inchoate mess and no proper deliberative process could regulate institutional adjustments. Napoleon had the necessary authority to do so and sponsored some salutary measures, but he also embarked on a madcap effort to conquer Europe. The disposition of the Hapsburgs and others in 1791 was sufficiently belligerent that some sort of coming to blows might have been expected, but you do have to ask if it was inevitable that you’d have twenty-one years of warfare and French troops in Russia rather than five years of warfare and some incursion into the adjacent territories of the House of Hapsburg and the House of Savoy. Please note that the Vendee was in part a response to the novel imposition of mass military conscription. You have to ask if it was inevitable that there be mass seizures of Church lands, the imposition of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, and the execution of 800 clergymen rather than merely imposing taxes on Church lands similar to those which obtained on the 3d estate’s property, abolishing compulsory tithes, and instituting a regularized version of pre-Carolingian practice for choosing bishops. The abolition of feudal dues, the transfer of allodial rights over rustical lands to the tiller, and the imposition of land taxes on the nobleman’s demesne were quite radical and desirable measures. There was bound to be violence in the process; was the execution of 1,200 noblemen during the terror a function of that? Was there any analogue to that in any other European country where hereditary subjection was abolished and land titles sorted out?